大地之书 Book of the Earth

也被称为《太阳圆盘和阿克尔之书的创制》。主要出现在梅尔尼塔赫、特沃斯雷特、拉美西斯三世、拉美西斯六世和拉美西斯七世的墓中，与《洞穴之书》相对应。故事的中心人物是奥西里斯、拉和巴，而最重要的情节是太阳穿过地球神阿克的旅程。这些场景出现在拉美西斯六世和拉美西斯七世陵墓的所有墙壁上。从新王国时期到晚期，在其他皇室陵墓的墙壁上发现了一些额外的场景，但由于书中的许多场景分散在各处，插图的顺序有些复杂。 让·弗朗索瓦·香波利昂是第一个在他的埃及纪念碑中公布拉美西斯六世陵墓场景和文本的人，他在那里破译了陵墓中描绘的象形文字亚历山大皮安科夫是第一个真正研究图像和象形文字的组成，并寻找插图背后的意义。布鲁诺·H·斯特里克在1963年把这本书解释为神圣胚胎学。

▼ 内容

  学者认为本书由两部分组成，太阳圆盘是《大地之书》反复出现的主题。像拉美西斯六世的坟墓一样，插图是可以从右到左阅读的，这与亚历山大·皮安科夫（alexandre piankoff）的典型布局正好相反。

  这本书分为五个主要部分：E部分，D部分，C部分，B部分和A部分。

  【E部分】  六位神灵在墓穴向太阳圆盘祈祷。这是已知内容的最小部分。

  【D部分】 介绍了阴间的大多数场景。在场景“复活”中，奥西里斯出现在被蛇守卫的坟墓里，在祂的下面是阿努比斯神和另一个伸出双臂保护他尸体的神。相邻两边的场景描绘的是“惩罚”，有着手持大锅的惩罚之神。 接下来，太阳神的木乃伊站在一个巨大的太阳圆盘上，圆盘被从修女深处升起的两对手臂所包围。围绕着这个场景的是一个由十二颗恒星和十二个小圆盘组成的花环，它们表示了时间的进程两位女神的手握住这幅插图的末端。 本节的最后一个场景显示了阿克，他代表太阳神的巴克尔，作为一个双狮身人面像。双桅帆船由两个乌雷伊支撑，在双桅帆船内有正在向太阳神祈祷的凯普里和托特在船首下面有两个皇室人物，他们是伊西斯和尼菲斯，手里拿着一只带翅膀的金甲虫和一个太阳圆盘。 中间是荷鲁斯从一个叫“西一”的神像中升起，接下来是七个土墩，每个土墩都有一个神在下一个场景中，荷鲁斯的繁殖是重复的，荷鲁斯现在是猎鹰头，从欧西里斯的尸体中升起，欧西里斯的尸体正受到伊西斯和尼弗提斯的尸体的保护。 在下一个场景中，修女的手臂拿着太阳圆盘，其他的手臂和两个uraei拿着另一个太阳圆盘一条蛇位于太阳圆盘的顶部，这可能意味着太阳的再生。 像许多古埃及文献一样，底部的记录显示了在毁灭之地对敌人的惩罚，因为它低于神因为神是更重要的人物，所以他们被描绘得比其他人高。上面是太阳神和几个石棺，下面是四个敌人。 最后，一具尸体躺在一个巨大的石棺里，这个石棺位于毁灭之地，被称为“谢蒂的尸体”。这是一个死亡的领域，在那里，现场的神和女神伸出双手祈祷。在最后一幕中，阿波菲斯蛇被羊头神抓住了。

C部分 C部分包括三个寄存器，它们可以连接到

【D部分】 

Part D is probably the beginning of the composition, where most of the setting is introduced. A majority of the content of the Book of the Earth is also located within this section. The realm of the dead is depicted with Osiris, as the primary figure, located within a tomb that is guarded by serpents. Beneath Osiris are the gods Anubis and another god who have their arms stretched out to provide protection over his corpse. This scene depicts renewal, while the scenes on both adjacent sides depict punishment. In the scenes of punishment, the gods of punishment are represented and are holding cauldrons.

Next, the mummy of the sun god stands upon a large sun disc that is enclosed by two pairs of arms rising from the depths of Nun. Surrounding this scene is a wreath of twelve stars and twelve small disks that indicate the course of the hours. The hands of two goddesses hold the ends of this illustration.

The final scene in this section shows Aker, who is representing the barque of the sun god, as a double sphinx. The barque is supported by two uraei, and inside the barque are Khepri and Thoth who are praying to the sun god. Underneath the barque are two royal figures with Isis and Nephthys who are holding a winged scarab beetle and a sun disc.[2]

The middle register begins with Horus rising up out of a divine figure called the "Western One."[2] Next, there are seven mounds that each contains a god. In the next scene, the propagation of Horus is repeated in which Horus is now falcon-headed, and rises from the body of Osiris which is being protected by the corpses of Isis and Nephthys.

In the next scene, Nun's arms are holding the solar disc, and other arms and two uraei hold another sun disc. A serpent is located on the top of this sun disc, which might signify the regeneration of the sun.[5]

Like many Ancient Egyptian texts, the bottom register shows the punishment of enemies in the Place of Annihilation since it is below the gods. Since gods are more important figures, they are depicted above others. The sun god is shown above with several sarcophagi and four enemies below.

Finally, we find a corpse lying in a large sarcophagus located in the Place of Annihilation, which Re calls the "corpse of Shetit." This is the realm of the dead where gods and goddesses above the scene hold their hands out in prayer. In the last scene, we find the Apophis serpent being seized by ram headed gods.[1]

PartC

Part C comprises three registers that might be connected to Part D, but the exact sequence is unclear. The upper and middle registers both start off with images of the sun god in his ram-headed form. Two ba-birds are praying to him while an unknown god is greeting him in the middle register. Behind the unknown god are two additional gods, one being ram-headed and the other being serpent-headed. These gods have their hands stretched out in front of them, towards the sun disc, in a protective gesture. Out of this gesture, the falcon shaped head of "Horus of the netherworld" is projected.[1]

PartB

The registers of this section are less obvious, and many parts might be considered to belong to Part A. The first scenes in this section consist of four oval shapes with mummies inside, which are able to breathe from the rays of the sun god. There are also four burial mounds that have been turned over and are being protected by serpents. The main part of this section depicts a mummy, who is standing, called "corpse of the god,[1]" which is also the sun disc itself. In front of him, a serpent rises out of a pair of arms and holds a god and goddess in the act of praise. Behind the mummy is another pair of arms, called the "arms of darkness," that is being supported by the crocodile, Penwenti.[1]

Next, there are four more ovals containing mummies with four ba-birds, one ba-bird for each mummy. This, along with two additional hieroglyphs, represents shadows. Underneath this illustration are depictions of barques that contain the mummies of Osiris and the falcon-headed Horus.[1]

At the end of this segment of the Book of the Earth, the upper portion shows a depiction of a large burial mound, containing the sun disc with an unknown god praying to it. Two heads and two goddesses that are located on both sides of the large burial mound also give praise. Directly below this, on the bottom register, are four gods and ba-birds that are also praying.

PartA

In the beginning of this section, the sun god is enclosed by mummies at a burial mound called the Mound of Darkness.[1] Above this mound, a solar barque is shown. Following this scene, Aker is depicted as a double sphinx. the solar barque is located between the entrance and the exit of the realm of the dead, with its stern side facing the exit. Below shows the resurrection of the corpse of the sun, which is a scene that typically occurs in royal sarcophagus chambers. A falcon head emerges from a sun disc, and the light is shown falling on the "mysterious corpse" which is lying down.[1] In the next scene, twelve goddess, each representing an hour of the night, are depicted. Each goddess has the hieroglyph of a star and a hieroglyph of a shadow with a beaming disk above her. At the beginning of the fourth scene, a few of the mummies are enclosed within four large circles. In the fifth scene, a central god, who is thought to be Osiris, is surrounded by the corpses of Shu (Egyptian deity), Tefnut, Khepri and Nun. The sixth scene, shows a pair of arms rising from the depths. A goddess called Annihilator stands up with her arms reaching to embrace a sun disc. The arms are supporting two praying goddesses named West and East in a reverse orientation. It is believed that the upper register of this part ends with a line containing a title of this work, though it is still unknown.

The middle register begins with the solar barque again. It is towed by fourteen ram-headed gods with all of their bas. Next, a god stands in his cave, surrounded by twelve star goddesses who are extending discs to him.

The following scene, which is scattered around the tomb of Ramesses VI, shows five burial mounds with a head and arms emerging from it. They are raised up in a gesture of praise. In the third scene, the birth of the sun is represented. This scene also occurs on the sarcophagus of Ramesses IV, but there is more detail and more story on that sarcophagus than in this scene.